SBI CLERK 2018 English Quiz No- 3 “Reading Comprehension”
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Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented
opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that
one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty
establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and
subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement,
has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their
best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the
government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific
percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in
1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to
$1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the
early 1980‘s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next
decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for
them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially,
since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make
substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work
subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such
firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be
frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.
Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company‘s efforts must soon result in
orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing
apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course,
in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority
enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights
groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set
up as ―fronts‖ with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint
ventures.
Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer
often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of
circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for
small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed
orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency
arising from their current success.
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(B) describe a situation and its potential drawbacks
(C) propose a temporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement
(E) explore the implications of a finding
2.The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following
questions?
(A) What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of
minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
(B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts
report their efforts to find minority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White
backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in
1972?
(E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself
financially overextended?
3.According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage
under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that
they have
(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger
competitors
(C) not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations
(D) not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential
customers
(E) not had adequate representation in the centers of government power
4.The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for
subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5.The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its
business with one large corporate customer should
(A) avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
(B) concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation (C) try to expand its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the
corporation
(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other
minority-owned concerns
(E) use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other
minority concerns
6.It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law,
the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are
(A) more popular with large corporations
(B) more specific
(C) less controversial
(D) less expensive to enforce
(E) easier to comply with
7.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author‟s assertion that, in
the 1970‟s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was
substantial
(A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in
1979.
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses
declined by 25 percent.
(C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate
contracts with minority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980
is approximately $10 million too high.
(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending
in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.
8.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about
corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?
(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely
to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the
near future.
(B) Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority
businesses in the 1970‟s, their aversion to government paperwork made them
reluctant to pursue many government contracts.
(C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970‟s is likely to be sustained
and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980‟s.
(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses,
a shortage of capital in the 1970‟s made substantial response impossible.
(E) The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of
Answer
1. B 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. E 8. C
